Arrangements for yacht international agencies
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As far as the arrangements of the appendages, i.e. keel and rudder, are concerned a considerable development has taken place over the past fifty years or so. At first in the wooden construction period the long and integrated keels with the rudder hung at the aft end were the fashion. The layout was partially dictated by the possibilities and restrictions imposed by the available materials and methods of construction at that time. The ballast weight was connected to the fore ward bottom part of the keel and usually constructed of lead or cast iron.
Actual properties of the mast
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The obtained compression values are then compared with the Eulerian buckling load calculated for the actual properties of the mast. It should be noted that the buckling analysis is performed considering the total compressive load applied at the upper extremity of the mast, while, in the real situation, the axial loads are different on each panel.
A mast damage's structural model
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Standing rigging can be considered as a unique, balanced, structural system which should withstand loads transmitted by sails: mast and spreaders are designed to support compression stresses, stays and upwind shrouds support tension stresses. Chainplates finally distribute the shroud tension on side shell and frames.
Yachting materials selection criteria
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The primary criterion for hull material selection for the pleasure boat industry is reducing cost. Thus woven roving or mat E-glass fibres in iso- or ortho-polyester resins are the most common combination. Improved properties are achieved through higher strength and modulus fibres such as aramid and carbon. Similarly, increased fatigue resistance, higher shear strengths and reduced osmotic blistering properties are possible with epoxy and vinyl ester resins.
Yacht building - structural responses
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Loading results in structural deformation and material stress and for marine applications the most critical can be grouped as global bending or torsion, panel flexure and joints. As discussed in the section on hull material selection the most common materials used today are composites and the method to analyse the stresses in a composite structures are critical to the accuracy of failure prediction.